LOFAR: The LOw-Frequency ARray

LOFAR: LOw-Frequency ARray (низкочастотная решетка)
A. Karastergiou, M. Serylak, H. Falcke, J. W. T. Hessels, V. I. Kondratiev, M. Krämer, J. van Leeuwen, A. Noutsos, C. Sobey, B. W. Stappers, P. Weltevrede, M. P. van Haarlem, M. W. Wise, A. W. Gunst, G. Heald, J. P. McKean, A. G. de Bruyn, R. Nijboer, J. Swinbank, R. A. Fallows, M. A. Brentjens, A. Nelles, R. Beck, R. P. Fender, J.R. Hörandel, L. V. E. Koopmans, G. Mann, G. K. Miley, H. J. A. Röttgering, R. A. M. J. Wijers, Saleem Zaroubi, M. van den Akker, A. Alexov, J. M. Anderson, Kevin D. Anderson, A. van Ardenne, M. Arts, A. Asgekar, I. M. Avruch, F. Batejat, L. Bähren, M. E. Bell, M. R. Bell, Ilse van Bemmel, P. Bennema, Mark Bentum, G. Bernardi, P. N. Best, L. Bırzan, A. Bonafede, Albert‐Jan Boonstra, Róbert Braun, Joel N. Bregman, F. Breitling, R. H. van de Brink, J. W. Broderick, P. Chris Broekema, W. N. Brouw, M. Brüggen, H. R. Butcher, W. van Cappellen, B. Ciardi, Thijs Coenen, J. E. Conway, A. H. W. M. Coolen, A. Corstanje, S. Damstra, O.T. Davies, Adam T. Deller, R.‐J. Dettmar, Ger van Diepen, K. Dijkstra, P. Donker, A. Doorduin, J. Dromer, M. Drost, A. van Duin, J. Eislöffel, J. van Enst, C. Ferrari, W. Frieswijk, Henk S. GANKEMA, M. A. Garrett, F. de Gasperin, M. Gerbers, E. de Geus, J.‐M. Grießmeier, T. Grit, P. Gruppen, J. P. Hamaker, T. E. Hassall, M. Hoeft, H. A. Holties, A. Horneffer, A. J. van der Horst, A. van Houwelingen, A. Huijgen, M. Iacobelli, H. T. Intema, N. Jackson, Vibor Jelić, A. de Jong, E. Juette, D. Kant, A. Koers, H. Kollen, E. Kooistra, Y. Koopman, A. Koster, M. Kuniyoshi, G. Küper, P. Lambropoulos, Casey Law, Jérôme Lemaitre, M. Loose, P. Maat, G. Macario, Sera Markoff, J. Masters, R. McFadden, D. McKay‐Bukowski, H. Meijering, H. Meulman, M. Mevius, E. Middelberg, Rob Millenaar, J. C. A. Miller‐Jones, Rengarajan Mohan, Jan David Mol, J. Morawietz, Raffaella Morganti, D. D. Mulcahy, E. Mulder, H. Munk, Lambert J. M. Nieuwenhuis, Rob V. van Nieuwpoort, J. E. Noordam, M. J. Norden, A. R. Offringa, H. Olofsson, Amitesh Omar, E. Orrú, R. Overeem, H. Paas, M. Pandey-Pommier, V. N. Pandey, R. Pizzo, A. G. Polatidis, D. A. Rafferty, Steve Rawlings, W. Reich, J.-P. de Reijer, J. Reitsma, G. A. Renting, P. Riemers, E. Rol, John W. Romein, J. Roosjen, M. Ruiter, Anna M. M. Scaife, K. van der Schaaf, B. Scheers, P. Schellart, A. P. Schoenmakers, G. Schoonderbeek, A. Shulevski, J. Sluman, O. Smirnov, Hanno Spreeuw, Matthias Steinmetz, C. G. M. Sterks, H.-J. Stiepel, K. J. C. Stuurwold, M. Tagger, Y. Tang, C. Tasse, Ian Thomas, S. Thoudam, M. C. Toribio, Bas van der Tol, O. Usov, Martijn van Veelen, A. van Veen, S. ter Veen, J. P. W. Verbiest, R. C. Vermeulen, N. J. Vermaas, C. Vocks, C. Vogt, M. de Vos, Erik van der Wal, R. J. van Weeren, H. Weggemans, S. M. White, S. J. Wijnholds, T. Wilhelmsson, O. Wucknitz, S. Yatawatta, P. Zarka, J. A. Zensus, J. van Zwieten
2013-05-15

International LOFAR Telescope (ILT)LOFARdigital beam-forminglow-frequency radio (10–240 MHz)phased-array design
LOFAR, the LOw-Frequency ARray, is a new-generation radio interferometer constructed in the north of the Netherlands and across europe. Utilizing a novel phased-array design, LOFAR covers the largely unexplored low-frequency range from 10–240 MHz and provides a number of unique observing capabilities. Spreading out from a core located near the village of Exloo in the northeast of the Netherlands, a total of 40 LOFAR stations are nearing completion. A further five stations have been deployed throughout Germany, and one station has been built in each of France, Sweden, and the UK. Digital beam-forming techniques make the LOFAR system agile and allow for rapid repointing of the telescope as well as the potential for multiple simultaneous observations. With its dense core array and long interferometric baselines, LOFAR achieves unparalleled sensitivity and angular resolution in the low-frequency radio regime. The LOFAR facilities are jointly operated by the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT) foundation, as an observatory open to the global astronomical community. LOFAR is one of the first radio observatories to feature automated processing pipelines to deliver fully calibrated science products to its user community. LOFAR’s new capabilities, techniques and modus operandi make it an important pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). We give an overview of the LOFAR instrument, its major hardware and software components, and the core science objectives that have driven its design. In addition, we present a selection of new results from the commissioning phase of this new radio observatory.
1
Commissioning has produced a selection of new observational results demonstrating the instrument’s performance (presented in the paper).
2
Dense core and long interferometric baselines provide unparalleled sensitivity and angular resolution in the low-frequency radio regime.
3
Digital beam-forming enables agile, rapid repointing and the potential for multiple simultaneous observations.
4
LOFAR is a new-generation radio interferometer covering the low-frequency range 10–240 MHz using a novel phased-array design.
5
LOFAR operates as an open observatory via the International LOFAR Telescope foundation and delivers fully calibrated science products through automated processing pipelines.
6
LOFAR’s capabilities and methodologies serve as an important pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
7
The array consists of a dense core near Exloo (Netherlands) and 40 stations nearing completion, plus stations in Germany (5), France (1), Sweden (1), and the UK (1).

LOFAR radio interferometer (the LOw-Frequency ARray) including its stations, phased-array design, and digital beam-forming system

Capabilities, design and performance of the low-frequency (10–240 MHz) radio observatory including sensitivity, angular resolution, station deployment, beam-forming agility, automated processing pipelines, and its role as a pathfinder for the SKA

Publication Details
Publication Date
2013-05-15
Journal
Publisher
ISSN
Access Type
Author Information
Authors
A. Karastergiou
M. Serylak
H. Falcke
J. W. T. Hessels
V. I. Kondratiev
M. Krämer
J. van Leeuwen
A. Noutsos
C. Sobey
B. W. Stappers
P. Weltevrede
M. P. van Haarlem
M. W. Wise
A. W. Gunst
G. Heald
J. P. McKean
A. G. de Bruyn
R. Nijboer
J. Swinbank
R. A. Fallows
M. A. Brentjens
A. Nelles
R. Beck
R. P. Fender
J.R. Hörandel
L. V. E. Koopmans
G. Mann
G. K. Miley
H. J. A. Röttgering
R. A. M. J. Wijers
Saleem Zaroubi
M. van den Akker
A. Alexov
J. M. Anderson
Kevin D. Anderson
A. van Ardenne
M. Arts
A. Asgekar
I. M. Avruch
F. Batejat
L. Bähren
M. E. Bell
M. R. Bell
Ilse van Bemmel
P. Bennema
Mark Bentum
G. Bernardi
P. N. Best
L. Bırzan
A. Bonafede
Albert‐Jan Boonstra
Róbert Braun
Joel N. Bregman
F. Breitling
R. H. van de Brink
J. W. Broderick
P. Chris Broekema
W. N. Brouw
M. Brüggen
H. R. Butcher
W. van Cappellen
B. Ciardi
Thijs Coenen
J. E. Conway
A. H. W. M. Coolen
A. Corstanje
S. Damstra
O.T. Davies
Adam T. Deller
R.‐J. Dettmar
Ger van Diepen
K. Dijkstra
P. Donker
A. Doorduin
J. Dromer
M. Drost
A. van Duin
J. Eislöffel
J. van Enst
C. Ferrari
W. Frieswijk
Henk S. GANKEMA
M. A. Garrett
F. de Gasperin
M. Gerbers
E. de Geus
J.‐M. Grießmeier
T. Grit
P. Gruppen
J. P. Hamaker
T. E. Hassall
M. Hoeft
H. A. Holties
A. Horneffer
A. J. van der Horst
A. van Houwelingen
A. Huijgen
M. Iacobelli
H. T. Intema
N. Jackson
Vibor Jelić
A. de Jong
E. Juette
D. Kant
A. Koers
H. Kollen
E. Kooistra
Y. Koopman
A. Koster
M. Kuniyoshi
G. Küper
P. Lambropoulos
Casey Law
Jérôme Lemaitre
M. Loose
P. Maat
G. Macario
Sera Markoff
J. Masters
R. McFadden
D. McKay‐Bukowski
H. Meijering
H. Meulman
M. Mevius
E. Middelberg
Rob Millenaar
J. C. A. Miller‐Jones
Rengarajan Mohan
Jan David Mol
J. Morawietz
Raffaella Morganti
D. D. Mulcahy
E. Mulder
H. Munk
Lambert J. M. Nieuwenhuis
Rob V. van Nieuwpoort
J. E. Noordam
M. J. Norden
A. R. Offringa
H. Olofsson
Amitesh Omar
E. Orrú
R. Overeem
H. Paas
M. Pandey-Pommier
V. N. Pandey
R. Pizzo
A. G. Polatidis
D. A. Rafferty
Steve Rawlings
W. Reich
J.-P. de Reijer
J. Reitsma
G. A. Renting
P. Riemers
E. Rol
John W. Romein
J. Roosjen
M. Ruiter
Anna M. M. Scaife
K. van der Schaaf
B. Scheers
P. Schellart
A. P. Schoenmakers
G. Schoonderbeek
A. Shulevski
J. Sluman
O. Smirnov
Hanno Spreeuw
Matthias Steinmetz
C. G. M. Sterks
H.-J. Stiepel
K. J. C. Stuurwold
M. Tagger
Y. Tang
C. Tasse
Ian Thomas
S. Thoudam
M. C. Toribio
Bas van der Tol
O. Usov
Martijn van Veelen
A. van Veen
S. ter Veen
J. P. W. Verbiest
R. C. Vermeulen
N. J. Vermaas
C. Vocks
C. Vogt
M. de Vos
Erik van der Wal
R. J. van Weeren
H. Weggemans
S. M. White
S. J. Wijnholds
T. Wilhelmsson
O. Wucknitz
S. Yatawatta
P. Zarka
J. A. Zensus
J. van Zwieten
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