Research progress and key research directions of shale oil in lacustrine rift basins

Lacustrine rift basins in China are characterized by pronounced structural segmentation, strong sedimentary heterogeneity, extensive fault-fracture development, and significant variability in thermal maturity and mobility of shale oil. This study reviews the current status of exploration and development of shale oil in such basins and examines theoretical frameworks such as “binary enrichment” and source–reservoir configuration, with a focus on five key subjects: (1) sedimentation-diagenesis coupling mechanisms of fine-grained shale reservoir formation; (2) dynamic diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon occurrence mechanisms of organic-rich shale; (3) dominant controls and evaluation methods for shale oil enrichment; (4) fracturing mechanisms of organic-rich shale and simulation of artificial fracture networks; and (5) flow mechanisms and effective development strategies for shale oil. Integrated analysis suggests that two major scientific challenges must be addressed: the coupled evolution of fine-grained sedimentation, differential diagenesis, and hydrocarbon generation under tectonic influence and its control on shale oil occurrence and enrichment; and multi-scale, multiphase flow mechanisms and three-dimensional development strategies for lacustrine shale oil in complex fault blocks. In response to current exploration and development bottlenecks, future research will be conducted primarily to: (1) deeply understand organic-inorganic interactions and reservoir formation mechanisms in organic-rich shales, and clarify the influence of high-frequency sequence evolution and diagenetic fluids on reservoir space; (2) elucidate the dynamic processes of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, and retention across different lithofacies, and quantify their relationship with thermal maturity, including the conditions for the formation of self-sealing systems; (3) develop a geologically adaptive, data- and intelligence-driven shale oil classification and grading evaluation system of shale oil; (4) reveal artificial fracture propagation pattern and optimize physical field coupled fracturing technologies for complex lithofacies assemblages; and (5) overcome challenges in multi-scale geological modeling and multiphase flow characterization, and establish advanced numerical simulation methodologies.