Temperature-dependent Development and Its Model of the Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Температурно-зависимое развитие и его моделирование у зелёной злаковой тли Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Il Hwan Kim, Jang-Ho Lee, Ji‐Soo Kim, Chang-Yeon Hwangn, Sang‐Guei Lee
2007-08-30

Schizaphis graminum (greenbug)Sharpe and DeMichele model (modified / Schoolfield)Weibull function for cumulative developmental distributionlower developmental threshold (6.8°C) and degree-days (105.9 day-degrees)temperature-dependent development
보리두갈래진딧물 [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] 의 발육실험은 <TEX>$15-32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 상대습도 <TEX>$65{\pm}5%$</TEX>, 광주기 16L:8D 조건에서 조사하였다. 진딧물의 발육 중 약충 사충률은 <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 <TEX>$32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>까지 조사했을 때, 어린약충기간의 사충률이 대부분을 차지하였고, 온도가 높아지면서 사충률이 점차적으로 감소하였다. 그러나 <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>부터 다시 증가하여, <TEX>$32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 다른 온도보다 사충률이 높게 나타났다. 진딧물의 전체 약충 발육기간을 보면 <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 4.9 일로 가장 짧았고 <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 13.8 일로 가장 길었다. <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>까지 온도가 증가함에 따라 발육기간이 짧아지는 경향을 보이지만, <TEX>$32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>부터 다시 발육기간이 6.4 일로 길어졌고, <TEX>$35^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서는 모든 약충이 죽어서 발육기간에 포함하지 않았다. 발육영점온도는 <TEX>$6.8^{\circ}C$</TEX>이었고, 유효 적산온도는 105.9일도였다. 온도별 발육율은 Sharpe and DeMichele 의 모델을 변형시켜 Schoolfield 등이 제시한 온도별 발육모형에 잘 부합되어 보리두갈래 진딧물의 발육모형을 적용하는데 적합한 것으로 생각한다. 생리적 연령에 따른 발육완성시기를 Weibull function을 이용했을 때 온도별 발육시기의 누적발육률을 비교적 잘 설명하였다. The development of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) was studied at various constant temperatures ranging from 15 to <TEX>$32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>, with <TEX>$65{\pm}5%$</TEX> RH, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Mortality of the <TEX>$1_{st}-2_{nd}\;and\;the\;3_{rd}-4_{th}$</TEX> stage nymphs were similar at most temperature ranges while at high temperature of <TEX>$32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX>, more <TEX>$3_{rd}-4_{th}$</TEX> stage individuals died. The total developmental time ranged from 13.8 days at <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX> to 4.9 days at <TEX>$30.0^{\circ}C$</TEX> suggesting that the higher the temperature, the faster the development. However, at higher end temperature of <TEX>$32.5^{\circ}C$</TEX> the development took 6.4 days. The lower developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperatures for the total immature stage were <TEX>$6.8^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 105.9 day-degrees, respectively and the nonlinear shape of temperature related development was well described by the modified Sharpe and DeMichele model. The normalized cumulative frequency distributions of developmental period for each life stage were fitted to the three-parameter Weibull function. The attendance of shortened developmental times was apparent with <TEX>$1_{st}-2_{nd}\;nymph,\;3_{rd}-4_{th}$</TEX> nymph, and total nymph stages in descending order. The coefficient of determination <TEX>$r^2$</TEX> ranged between 0.80 and 0.87.
1
A modified Sharpe and DeMichele (Schoolfield-type) nonlinear temperature-dependent development model adequately described temperature effects on development.
2
Lower developmental threshold (developmental zero) is 6.8°C and the thermal constant (effective accumulative temperature) for total immature stage is 105.9 degree-days.
3
Normalized cumulative developmental-stage distributions fit a three-parameter Weibull function, with r^2 values between 0.80 and 0.87.
4
Nymphal mortality was highest in early instars and generally decreased with increasing temperature, but increased again at 32.5°C with more deaths in 3rd–4th instars.
5
Total immature developmental time decreased with temperature from 13.8 days at 15°C to 4.9 days at 30°C, but increased to 6.4 days at 32.5°C.

Greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) immature stages (nymphs) studied under controlled temperature, humidity, and photoperiod conditions

Temperature-dependent development and mortality rates, including stage-specific developmental time, lower developmental threshold, degree-days (effective accumulative temperature), and fitting of nonlinear temperature–development models (modified Sharpe–DeMichele and Weibull function)

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2007-08-30
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Il Hwan Kim
Jang-Ho Lee
Ji‐Soo Kim
Chang-Yeon Hwangn
Sang‐Guei Lee
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