Nature’s hierarchical materials

Иерархические материалы природы
Peter Fratzl, Richard Weinkamer
2007-06-23

adaptive growthcellular architecturesfiber compositeshierarchical biological materialsremodeling
Many biological tissues, such as wood and bone, are fiber composites with a hierarchical structure. Their exceptional mechanical properties are believed to be due to a functional adaptation of the structure at all levels of hierarchy. This article reviews the basic principles involved in designing hierarchical biological materials, such as cellular and composite architectures, adapative growth and as well as remodeling. Some examples that are found to utilize these strategies include wood, bone, tendon, and glass sponges – all of which are discussed.
1
Biological tissues such as wood and bone are hierarchical fiber composites whose exceptional mechanical properties arise from structure adapted across multiple scales.
2
Hierarchical biological-material design involves cellular architectures, composite architectures, adaptive growth, and remodeling.
3
The article reviews general design principles underlying hierarchical biological materials rather than presenting new experimental measurements.
4
Wood, bone, tendon, and glass sponges exemplify hierarchical strategies that optimize biological material structure and mechanical performance.

hierarchical biological fiber-composite tissues and materials, including wood, bone, tendon, and glass sponges

design principles and functional adaptation mechanisms underlying their exceptional mechanical properties, including cellular and composite architectures, adaptive growth, and remodeling

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2007-06-23
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Peter Fratzl
Richard Weinkamer
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