The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in architectural design: a systematic review of emerging technologies and applications

Abstract Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are reshaping architectural design by enhancing key design techniques such as spatial planning, parametric modeling, generative design, and performance-based analysis. AI methods like machine learning (ML) and predictive modeling support tasks from material selection to structural optimization, improving efficiency, sustainability, and creativity. By analyzing large datasets and automating complex processes, AI empowers architects to explore innovative solutions responsive to user needs and environmental factors. This study systematically reviews how AI plays a part in the architectural workflow, focusing on its ability to enhance creativity, automation, and sustainability. A structured literature review was conducted using the PRISMA framework to review peer-reviewed studies on AI applications in architectural design, urban planning, and smart cities published between 2003 and 2025. The reviewed studies demonstrate that AI enhances generative design, streamlines spatial organization, and supports sustainable architecture. However, challenges such as algorithmic bias, ethical concerns, and loss of architectural identity persist. Future research should emphasize ethical implementation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and integration with VR/AR to enable immersive, real-time, and informed design processes.