Atmospheric Corrosion

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction The Different Stages of Atmospheric Corrosion Initial Stages Surface Hydroxylation Adsorption and Absorption of Water Electrochemical Reactions Intermediate Stages Gas Deposition Change in Liquid Layer Chemistry Proton‐ and Ligand‐induced Metal Dissolution Ion Pairing Photosensitivity Nucleation of Corrosion Products Final Stages Coalescence of Corrosion Products Dry‐wet‐dry Cycling Aging and Thickening of Corrosion Products Atmospheric Corrodents Introduction Gases Ozone Nitrogen Dioxide Ammonia Hydrogen Sulfide Sulfur Dioxide Hydrogen Chloride Organic Acids Summary Particles Corrodent‐metal Susceptibilities Laboratory Tests Introduction Design Considerations Exposure Chamber Sample Preparation Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Exposure Time Corrodents and Their Delivery Simulation Considerations Standardized Accelerated Tests Important Laboratory Test Field Tests Introduction Outdoor Exposures Time‐of‐wetness The ISO Classification System Corrosion Rates Effect of Rain Sheltering Acid Deposition Indoor Exposures Standardized Field Tests Important Applications