Israeli Trope in Ancient Russian Literature of the 11th‑14th Centuries

Израильский топос в древнерусской литературе XI–XIV веков
Vadim V. Dolgov
2024-03-01

Alexander Nevsky hagiographyGod-chosenness of Rus’Letter on the UgraMongol-Tatar yokeNew Israel
Настоящая заметка — отклик на статью проф. Т. В. Бордачёва, связавшего становление концепции богоизбранности Руси с актуализаций формулы «Русь — Новый Израиль» во время прохождения завершающей стадии борьбы Московского государства с ордынским игом. Автор отклика предлагает сосредоточить внимание на двух аспектах предлагаемой трактовки. Во-первых, сама по себе идея богоизбранности Руси была сформулирована существенно раньше и вне непосредственной связи с монголо-татарским игом. Формулировки этой идеи были разнообразны, однако и вариант, представляющий Русь как воплощение богоизбранного Израиля на новом витке истории, в домонгольском книжном материале можно отыскать без особого труда. Он встречается и в летописных текстах, и, особенно часто, в Александро-Невской житийной традиции. В свете этого необходимым видится уточнение: действительно ли идеи, сформулированные архиеп. Вассианом, содержали принципиально новую историософскую концепцию, или в «Послании на Угру» ростовский владыка использовал уже известную и овеянную традицией систему взглядов для риторического усиления своего обращения к Ивану III? Во-вторых, важно понять, насколько прочно в мировоззрении мыслителей XV в. образ «врагов Израиля» оказался связан именно с Ордой? По предположению автора, формула «Израиль vs безблагодатный мир» оставалась универсальной формулой описания отношения Руси со всеми ее «экзистенциальными» врагами, включая Запад. This short article is the response to the article by Prof. T. V. Bordachev who found a link between formation of the concept of God-chosenness of Rus’ and the updating of the formula “Rus’ is New Israel” during the final stage of the struggle of the Moscow state against the Horde yoke. One should focus on two aspects of Bordachev’s theory. Firstly, the idea of Holy Rus’ by itself was formulated much earlier, without being directly associated with the Mongol-Tatar yoke. There were various formulations of the idea of God-chosenness, but the one in which Rus’ is presented as the embodiment of Israel as chosen by God at a new stage of history, can be found in large numbers in the Russian literature of pre-Mongol period without much difficulty. This idea is found both in chronicle texts, and especially often, in the Alexander Nevsky hagiographic tradition. Accordingly, some clarification seems to be necessary: did ideas of Archbishop Vassian really contain a fundamentally new historiosophical concept, or did he just use a well-known traditional system of views in the “Message to the Ugra” to rhetorically strengthen his address to Ivan III? Secondly, it is important to understand how firmly the image of the “enemies of Israel” turned out to be related precisely to the Horde in the worldview of the thinkers of the 15th century. According to the assumption made, the formula “Israel vs the graceless world” remained a universal one for describing the relationship of Rus’ with all its “existential” enemies, including the West.
1
Pre-Mongol Rus’ literary sources already present Rus’ as a new historical embodiment of the chosen Israel, especially chronicles and the Alexander Nevsky hagiographic tradition.
2
The article argues that the association between the “enemies of Israel” and the Horde in fifteenth-century thought requires further examination.
3
The article questions whether Archbishop Vassian’s Message on the Ugra introduced a fundamentally new historiosophical concept or rhetorically employed an established traditional worldview.
4
The formula “Israel versus the graceless world” may have described Rus’ relations with all existential enemies, including the West, rather than being specific to the Horde.
5
The idea of Rus’ as God-chosen was formulated substantially before the final struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke and independently of it.

the concept of Rus’ as God-chosen New Israel in ancient Russian literature of the 11th–14th centuries

the historical formation, formulations, and traditional use of the God-chosenness concept, including its application to Rus’’s relations with the Horde and other existential enemies

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2024-03-01
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Vadim V. Dolgov
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