Additive manufacturing in construction: A review on technologies, processes, materials, and their applications of 3D and 4D printing

In this paper, the current state of the art of additive manufacturing (AM) in the construction industry to manufacture on large scales is reviewed. The central concept of AM was defined, and it has been highlighted in the large use in several sectors. The main advantages that AM offers in the construction industry were described with at the same time the most important challenges that need to be addressed for real use. The main AM technologies solutions on large scales were described from more compact solutions like gantry technology to more flexible and free technology solutions. The choice of an AM solution rather than another is closely linked to the materials to be used and the building component to be built. Regarding materials, the research focused on materials based on aggregates, metals, and polymers. The application of AM in the construction field requires more studies and further research.