Benchmarking of AI and Radiologists for Indeterminate Lung Nodule Malignancy Risk Estimation at Screening CT: The LUNA25 Challenge

Stephen Lam, Erik H.F.M. van der Heijden, Cornelia Schaefer‐Prokop, Adrián Gaser, Anna Rita Larici, Mario Silva, Geertruida H. de Bock, Ernst T. Scholten, Marjolein A. Heuvelmans, Mathias Prokop, Firdaus A. A. Mohamed Hoesein, Rozemarijn Vliegenthart, Geert Litjens, Annemiek Snoeckx, Thomas Buddenkotte, Ugo Pastorino, Chunqi Wang, Colin Jacobs, Bartjan de Hoop, Zaigham Saghir, Noa J.C. Antonissen, Dré Peeters, Bogdan Obreja, Hester Gietema, F Gleeson, Noa Antonissen, Mario Silva, Geertruida H. de Bock, Chris van Run, Anne Mickan, Miriam Groeneveld, Harm van Zeeland, James Meakin, Mathias Prokop, Rozemarijn Vliegenthart, Fergus Gleeson, Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop, Ernst Scholten, Firdaus Mohamed Hoesein, Erik H.F.M. van der Heijden, Stephen Lam, Marjolein A. Heuvelmans, Geert Litjens, Lidia Barberio, Constantin Calotescu, Shin So, WonYong CHO, Jungmin Kim, Jeong-Rae Kim, Zhengrong Yi, Li Tianhang, Adaobi Emegoakor, Agnieszka Bartoszczyk, Ai-Lee Chang, Alessandra Farchione, Alexia Farrugia, Ana Luisa Amado da Costa, Anand Devaraj, Ανδρέας Καρατζάς, Anna Jöbstl, Anna Luger, Anne Beeskow, Annemarieke Bartels‐Rutten, Annemilia del Ciello, Antonios Chatzintounas, Arif Abdul Majeed, Bart De Keyzer, Benedikt Heidinger, Carola Brussaard, Cecilia Strappa, Chinasa Kalaiwo, Christina Kalogeropoulou, Clara Valsecchi, David C Rotzinger, Dumitrița Nuțu, Elyn Van Snick, Emily Hughes, Esther Pompe, Eva Castañer, Fabian Louagé, Fleur van Raamt, G. Sgourdos, Gianluca Milanese, Giorgina Dalpiaz, Giuseppe Cicchetti, Guida Matos-Ferreira, Ignazio Friscia, Igor Požek, Ilyès Benlala, Jacopo Pozzi, Jan-Kees van Rooden
2026-06-24

SCID:  54.1/yzrnft8g
An artificial intelligence system outperformed radiologists in malignancy risk estimation of indeterminate lung nodules on baseline CT scans from three European trials, demonstrating its potential as a radiologist decision-support tool.
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2026-06-24
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Authors
Stephen Lam
Erik H.F.M. van der Heijden
Cornelia Schaefer‐Prokop
Adrián Gaser
Anna Rita Larici
Mario Silva
Geertruida H. de Bock
Ernst T. Scholten
Marjolein A. Heuvelmans
Mathias Prokop
Firdaus A. A. Mohamed Hoesein
Rozemarijn Vliegenthart
Geert Litjens
Annemiek Snoeckx
Thomas Buddenkotte
Ugo Pastorino
Chunqi Wang
Colin Jacobs
Bartjan de Hoop
Zaigham Saghir
Noa J.C. Antonissen
Dré Peeters
Bogdan Obreja
Hester Gietema
F Gleeson
Noa Antonissen
Mario Silva
Geertruida H. de Bock
Chris van Run
Anne Mickan
Miriam Groeneveld
Harm van Zeeland
James Meakin
Mathias Prokop
Rozemarijn Vliegenthart
Fergus Gleeson
Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop
Ernst Scholten
Firdaus Mohamed Hoesein
Erik H.F.M. van der Heijden
Stephen Lam
Marjolein A. Heuvelmans
Geert Litjens
Lidia Barberio
Constantin Calotescu
Shin So
WonYong CHO
Jungmin Kim
Jeong-Rae Kim
Zhengrong Yi
Li Tianhang
Adaobi Emegoakor
Agnieszka Bartoszczyk
Ai-Lee Chang
Alessandra Farchione
Alexia Farrugia
Ana Luisa Amado da Costa
Anand Devaraj
Ανδρέας Καρατζάς
Anna Jöbstl
Anna Luger
Anne Beeskow
Annemarieke Bartels‐Rutten
Annemilia del Ciello
Antonios Chatzintounas
Arif Abdul Majeed
Bart De Keyzer
Benedikt Heidinger
Carola Brussaard
Cecilia Strappa
Chinasa Kalaiwo
Christina Kalogeropoulou
Clara Valsecchi
David C Rotzinger
Dumitrița Nuțu
Elyn Van Snick
Emily Hughes
Esther Pompe
Eva Castañer
Fabian Louagé
Fleur van Raamt
G. Sgourdos
Gianluca Milanese
Giorgina Dalpiaz
Giuseppe Cicchetti
Guida Matos-Ferreira
Ignazio Friscia
Igor Požek
Ilyès Benlala
Jacopo Pozzi
Jan-Kees van Rooden
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