Isothermal Compressibility Perturbation as a Protein Design Principle for T1 Lipase Stability–Activity Trade-Off Counteracting

Given the widely existing stability–activity trade-off in enzyme evolution, it is still a goal to obtain enzymes embracing both high activity and stability. Herein, we employed an isothermal compressibility (β T ) perturbation engineering (ICPE) strategy to comprehensively understand the stability–activity seesaw-like mechanism. The stability and activity of mutants derived from ICPE uncovered a high Pearson correlation ( r = 0.93) in a prototypical enzyme T1 lipase. The best variant A186L/L188M/A190Y exhibited a high T m value up to 78.70 °C, catalytic activity of 474.04 U/mg, and a 73.33% increase in dimethyl sulfoxide resistance compared to the wild type, one of the highest comprehensive performances reported to date. The elastic activation mechanism mediated by conformational change with a Δβ T range of −6.81 × 10 –6 to −1.90 × 10 –6 bar –1 may account for the balancing of stability and activity to achieve better performing enzymes. The ICPE strategy deepens our understanding of stability–activity trade-off and boosts its applications in enzyme engineering.