4D Printing of Magnetically Responsive Materials and Their Applications

In the field of 4-dimensional (4D) printing, magnetically responsive smart materials have attracted much attention due to their advantages such as large deformation rate, fast dynamic response, and remote controllability. Focusing on this field, this review systematically reviews the research progress of magnetically responsive 4D printing technology from 3 dimensions: printing process, material design, and interdisciplinary applications. Firstly, it elaborates on the core principles and key technologies of 4D printing and conducts an in-depth analysis of the design principles, response mechanisms, and performance optimization strategies of magnetic shape memory materials, providing a clear framework for understanding the fundamental principles of this technology. On this basis, it explores the innovative applications of magnetically responsive 4D printing in the fields of biomedical tissue engineering, intelligent robotics, and functional devices, highlighting its substantial advantages in non-contact manipulation, high-precision response, and biocompatibility, and demonstrating the practical application value of the technology. Finally, it proposes a collaborative design framework of "material-process-application" in order to promote the application of magnetically responsive materials in interdisciplinary fields.