Measurement of the optical properties of the skull in the wavelength range 650-950 nm

The optical properties of samples of bone from pig skull have been measured over the wavelength range 650-950 nm. The scattering phase function was measured on thin samples of the bone using a goniometer, and a value for the mean cosine g, of the scattering angle, was calculated. The scattering and absorption coefficients, mu s and mu a were then determined from measurements of diffuse reflectance and transmittance made with a pair of integrating spheres, by a step-wise search through a table of diffuse reflectance and transmittance versus mu a and mu s generated by a Monte Carlo model incorporating the measured scattering phase function. Values for g measured on six samples varied from 0.925 +/- 0.014 at 650 nm to 0.945 +/- 0.013 at 950 nm. Corresponding values for mu a and mu s measured on 18 samples were mu a = 0.04 +/- 0.002 mm-1, mu s = 35 +/- 0.7 mm-1 at 650 nm to mu a = 0.05 +/- 0.002 mm-1, mu s = 24 +/- 0.6 mm-1 at 950 nm.