Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Глобальное, региональное и национальное бремя диабета с 1990 по 2021 год и прогнозы распространённости до 2050 года: систематический анализ для исследования глобального бремени болезней 2021 года
Norberto Perico, Giuseppe Remuzzi, William C. Cho, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Tabish, Christopher J L Murray, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari, Hassan Abolhassani, Victor Adekanmbi, Gina Agarwal, Keivan Ahmadi, Rufus Akinyemi, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Johan Ärnlöv, Maha Atout, Alaa Badawi, Ashish Badiye, Till Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Isabela M. Benseñor, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Boris Bikbov, Hermann Brenner, Zahid A Butt, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Ewerton Cousin, Jessica A Cruz, Albertino Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Daniel Díaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Islam Y. Elgendy, Farshad Farzadfar, Florian Fischer, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rashid Abdi Guled, Tarun Gupta, Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Ramesh Holla, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Nayu Ikeda, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Chidozie C D Iwu, Ihoghosa Iyamu, Jost B. Jonas, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Maseer Khan, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kısa, Mika Kivimäki, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Carlo La Vecchia, Tea Lallukka, Paul H. Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Lee‐Ling Lim, Stefan Lorkowski, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Azeem Majeed, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah Al Mamun, Borhan Mansouri, Santi Martini, Tomislav Meštrović, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michałek, GK Mini, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ali H. Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Shane D. Morrison, Ulrich Müeller, Kamarul Imran Musa, Vinay Nangia, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Obinna Onwujekwe, Alberto Ortíz, Mayowa Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raffaele Palladino, Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Maja Pasovic, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Maarten J. Postma, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Pradhum Ram, Vahid Rashedi, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, André M. N. Renzaho, Nima Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniela Ribeiro, Leonardo Roever, Gholamreza Roshandel, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sare Safi, Joshua A. Salomon, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Markus P. Schlaich, María Inês Schmidt, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Masood Ali Shaikh, Rahman Shiri, Kerem Shuval, Ambrish Singh, Reed J D Sorensen, Dan J. Stein, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Marcello Tonelli, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Era Upadhyay, Tommi Vasankari, Theo Vos, Yasir Waheed, Melissa Y. Wei, Ronny Westerman, Naohiro Yonemoto, Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Michael Bräuer, Stephen S Lim, Nilay S. Shah, Cong Wang, Yousef Khader, Rafael Lozano, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Derrick Bennett, Rajiv Chowdhury, Michael H Criqui, Mohsen Naghavi, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Xiaochen Dai, Mahaveer Golechha, Ramaiah Itumalla, Himal Kandel, Utsav Parekh, Vivek Podder, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Abrha Hailay, Mohammad Amin Salehi, Alimuddin Zumla, Paramdeep Singh, Mainak Bardhan, Daniela Călina, Shahina Pardhan, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Nancy Diao, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jagdish Khubchandani, Monika Sawhney, Sanjay Zodpey, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Suowen Xu, Vivek Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Ensiyeh Taheri, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Ahmed Abu‐Zaid, Wei‐Chen Lee, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, J. Jaime Miranda, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Madhur Verma, Edward J. Boyko, Xuefeng Liu, Ajmal Khan, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Ute Mons, Kuldeep Dhama, Jing Sun, Rabih Halwani, Veera Raghavulu Bitra, Judie Arulappan, А. В. Стародубова, Hassan Abidi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Sami Almustanyir, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Francesco Barone‐Adesi, Amadou Barrow, Uzma Belgaumi, Sonu Bhaskar, Yin Cao, Omid Dadras, Meghnath Dhimal, Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo, Muhammed Elhadi, Pouya Goleij, Shafiul Haque, Netanja I. Harlianto, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad‐Salar Hosseini, Rakibul M. Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Louis Jacob, Shubha Jayaram, Nitin Joseph, Sewnet Adem Kebede, Moien AB Khan, Amir M Khater, Ming‐Chieh Li, Ahmad Azam Malik, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Yousef Moradi, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Rawlance Ndejjo, Robina Khan Niazi, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Jenil Patel, Uttam Paudel, Mosiur Rahman, Chythra R Rao, Jefferson Antonio Buendía, Peter Rohloff, Umar Saeed, Harihar Sahoo, Allen Seylani, Mohammed Shannawaz, K. M. Shivakumar, Ker‐Kan Tan, Nihal Thomas, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Lin Yang, Chenwen Zhong, Chaojie Liu, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Márcia Carvalho, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal, Archith Boloor, Josip Car, Hailey Hagins, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Amanda Smith, Sojib Bin Zaman, Yongze Li, Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, Salman Hussain, Vida Abedi, Adnan Ansar, Zahra Aryan, Mohammad Athar, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Jaykaran Charan, Sonali G Choudhari, E. Chowdhury, Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora, Michael Ekholuenetale, David Flood, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Ranil Jayawardena, Patrick DMC Katoto, Min Seo Kim, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Jakub Morze, Tarang Parekh, KM Saif‐Ur‐Rahman, Xiaoyue Xu, Yves Miel H Zuñiga, Bagher Larijani, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Miquel Martorell, Natália Martins, Susan A. McLaughlin, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Simiao Chen, Zuhair S. Natto, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Ayman Ahmed, Sohrab Amiri, Demelash Areda, Anton A Artamonov, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Kavita Batra, Eeshwar K Chandrasekar, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Emina Dervišević, Deepa Dongarwar, Thomas Astell‐Burt, Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal, Saravana Babu Chidambaram, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Shama D. Karanth, Johan Sundström, Văn Thành Nguyễn, Juwel Rana, Muhammad Suleman, Alireza Mohseni, Seung Won Lee, Elías Mossialos, Hong Xiao, Ali Ahmed, Farzad Kompani, Linh Phuong Doan, Bishal Gyawali, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Kaleb Coberly, Balasankar Ganesan, Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari, Davide Golinelli, Rasool Haddadi, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Oleksii Korzh, Sang-woong Lee, Nefsu Awoke, Sara Momtazmanesh, Hasan Nassereldine, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Francesco Sanmarchi, Parnian Shobeiri, Surjit Singh, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani‐Zangbar, Kanyin Liane Ong, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ashokan Arumugam, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Mohammed Bheser Hassen, Himanshu Khajuria, Sorour Khateri, Iram Malik, Hamid Reza Marateb, Shumaila Nargus, Hassan Okati‐Aliabad, Jay Patel, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Ibrahim Qattea, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Samar Tharwat, Iman Zare, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Chao Cao, Habitu Birhan Eshetu, Farshid Etaee, Ali Fatehizadeh, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Mohammed Kuddus, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Elezebeth Mathews, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Nazila Rezaei, Saina Salahi, Mahan Shafie, Seyed Mohammad Vahabi, Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo, Zahra Jamalpoor, Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir, Eman Abu‐Gharbieh, Tigist Demssew Adane, Sara Bagherieh, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Najah R Hadi, Hamidreza Hasani, Johannes Haubold, Assefa N Iyasu, Mohammad Jokar, Abel Joseph, Rakesh Kumar, Thao T. Le, Munjae Lee, Chun‐Han Lo, Kashish Malhotra, Andrea Maugeri, Hassam Ali, Konstantinos C. Makris, Xin Deng, Maryam Moradi, Azzam A. Maghazachi, Rajeev Gupta, Saman Sargazi, Sana Ullah, Fariba Ghassemi, Jingjing Zhou, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Mostafa Moradi Sarabi, Zahra Babaei Aghdam, Dianna J. Magliano, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Ranjani Somayaji, Martina Barchitta, Rami Abd‐Rabu, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Williams Agyemang‐Duah, Luai A. Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal, Mohammad T AlBataineh, Sharifullah Alemi, Amirali Aali, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Victor Abiola Adepoju, Mesay Arkew, Benedetta Armocida, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Rizwan Ahmad, B B Darshan, Muhammad Badar, Noël C. Barengo, Javier Brazo‐Sayavera, Riki Tesler, Manish Mishra, Rotimi Felix Afolabi, Yashendra Sethi, Haitham Jahrami, Graciliana Lopes, Mohamed Rahmani, Yanqing Wang, Colin R Simpson, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Luı́s Belo, Kartik Gupta, Ibtihal Fadhil, Lemma Getacher, Maha Saber-Ayad, Guesh Mebrahtom, Fang Wang, Zhiyong Zou, Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Siddhartha Dutta, Abhay Gaidhane, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Nelson Zamora, Marcela Agudelo‐Botero, Sher Zaman Safi, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Waseem El‐Huneidi, Hossein Farrokhpour, Yaseen Galali, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Elham Jamshidi, S. Mahjoub, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Parham Mardi, Sahar Masoudi, Fateme Montazeri, Negar Morovatdar, Mehran Rahimi, Shayan Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Sina Rashedi, Aly M A Saad, Leila Sabzmakan, Erfan Sadeghi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Melika Shafeghat, Mohd Shanawaz, Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Majid Taheri, Siavash Vaziri, Lauryn K Stafford, Bronte Dalton, J Duprey, Paulina A Lindstedt, Melsew Dagne Abate, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, Denberu Eshetie, Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada, Tahereh Alinia, Firehiwot Amare, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Golnoosh Ansari, Hidayat Arifin, Mulu Tiruneh, Elaheh Askari, Daniel Asmelash, Ahmed Awaisu, Hassan Babamohamadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sulaiman Bah, Ruhai Bai, Hamid Reza Baradaran, Hamideh Bashiri, Afisu Basiru, Saurav Basu, Abdul‐Monim Batiha, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Faiq Bilal, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Saeid Bitaraf, Vesna Bjegović-Mikanović, Virgínia Bodolica, Joshua Chadwick, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Kirti Chauhan, Endeshaw Chekol Abebe, Fatemeh Chichagi, Alyssa Columbus, Daniela Contreras, Sarah Cuschieri, Bashir Dabo, Saswati Das, Ana Maria Dascălu, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Mohsen Dashti, Gebiso Roba Debele, Kourosh Delpasand, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Salil V. Deo, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Aragaw Tesfaw Desale, Anteneh Mengist Dessie, Fikreab Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, S. Dey, Nancy Diao, Monica Dinu, Mengistie Diress, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Hisham Atan Edinur, Omar El Meligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Destaw Endeshaw, Hawi Leul Esayas, Ayesha Fahim, Shahab Falahi, MoezAlIslam E. Faris, Ghazal S. Fazli, Xiaoqi Feng, Tomas Y Ferede, Ali Forouhari, Roham Foroumadi, Masoumeh Foroutan Koudehi, Santosh Gaihre, Rupesh K. Gautam, Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan, Fataneh Ghadirian, Fariba Ghassemi, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Shi‐Yang Guan, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Ramtin Hajibeygi, Md. Abdul Hannan, Hamid Harandi, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Kamran Hessami, Yuta Hiraike, Sahadat Hossain, Md. Shakhaoat Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Junjie Huang, Md. Nazmul Huda, Hong-Han Huynh, Afrin Iqbal, Rajesh Jain, C. Jaja, Balamurugan Janakiraman, Krishnamurthy Jayanna, Rime Jebai, Wonjeong Jeong, Yinzi Jin, Billingsley Kaambwa, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Vidya Kadashetti, Farima Kahe, Samad Karkhah, Navjot Kaur, Sina Kazemian, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Saval Khanal, Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh, Biruk Getahun Kibret, Somayeh Komaki, Karel Kostev, Nikhil Kothari, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Md Abdul Kuddus, Harish Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Anders Larsson, Kamaluddin Latief, Basira Kankia Lawal, Trang Thi Bich Le, Jacopo Lenzi, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Do Tuan Anh, Pantea Majma Sanaye, Roy Rillera Marzo, Reza Masoudi, Teferi Mekonnen, Mahboobeh Meshkat, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Reza Mirfakhraie, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Kebede Haile Misgina, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Mohsen Mohammadi, Marita Mohammadshahi, Hoda Mojiri-Forushani, Md. Moniruzzaman, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Francesk Mulita, Admir Mulita, Efrén Murillo‐Zamora, Julius Chacha Mwita, Firzan Nainu, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Abdallah Y. Naser, Javaid Nauman, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Hadush Negash, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Hien Nguyen, Muhammad A Nizam, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Mamoona Noreen, Nkechi Martina Odogwu, Vivek Anand Ojha, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Michał Ordak, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Ashok Pandey, Anca Pantea Stoian, Marcos Pereira, Simone Perna, Ghazaleh Pourali, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Pourya Raee, Ibrar Rafique, Mahban Rahimifard, Obaidur Rahman, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Niloufar Rahnavard, Bibek Rajbhandari, Sheena Ramazanu, Nemanja Rančić, Deepthi Rapaka, Drona Rasali, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, Luis Felipe Reyes, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hossein Rezazadeh, Yohanes Andy Rias, Muhammad Riaz, Mónica Rodrigues, Abazar Roustazadeh, Amene Saghazadeh, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Mohamed A. Saleh, Mohammad Amin Salehi, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Made Ary Sarasmita, Art Schuermans, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Maryam Shabany, Tahereh Shafaghat, Samiah Shahid, Sadaf Sharfaei, Aminu Shittu, Siddharudha Shivalli, Fereshteh Shokri, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Luís R. Silva, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Hamidreza Soleimani, Solikhah Solikhah, Sujata Sujata, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Elahe Taki, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Nathan Y Tat, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Rajshree Thapa, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Domenico Tricò, Indang Trihandini, Samuel Tromans, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Derara Girma Tufa, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Kim Robin van Daalen, Priya Vart, Shoban Babu Varthya, Georgios‐Ioannis Verras, Danh Cao Vo, Birhanu Wagaye, Ziyue Wang, Gizachew Tadesse Wassie, Yifan Wu, Ratna Dwi Wulandari, Juan Xia, Dereje Y Yada, Metin Yeşiltepe, Siyan Yi, Hunachew Kibret Yohannis, Yuyi You, Nelson Rodríguez, Kourosh Zarea, Armin Zarrintan, Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru, Magdalena Zielińska, Yossef Teshome Zikarg, Mohammad Zoladl, Stein Emil Vollset, Denberu Eshetie Adane, Yohannes Abate, Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam, Firehiwot Amare, Elaheh Askari, Awoke Misganaw, Rakesh Kumar, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Sourav Dey, Md Shakhaoat Hossain, Rime Jebai, Soleiman Mahjoub, Anh Tuan Mai, Hien Quang Nguyen, Maryam Shabani, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Abrha Hailay Weldemariam
2023-06-23
SCID:  54.1/egd3bm42 Discuss with AI
DisMod-MR 2.1Global Burden of Disease Studydiabetes prevalencediabetes prevalence projectionsdisability-adjusted life-years
Abstract (AI)
BACKGROUND: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Key Findings
1
Diabetes mortality was modelled with CODEm using 25,666 location-years of vital-registration and verbal-autopsy data.
2
It quantifies the proportions of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021 and attributes selected components of type 2 diabetes burden to risk factors.
3
Prevalence estimates used DisMod-MR 2.1 and 1,527 location-years of literature, survey, and insurance-claims data; other forms, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled.
4
The analysis projects diabetes prevalence through 2050 using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 analytical framework.
5
The study estimates diabetes prevalence, mortality, and DALYs from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories, by age and sex.
Research Object

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes (1990–2021) with projections of diabetes prevalence to 2050

Research Subject

Temporal, geographic, demographic, and etiological patterns of diabetes prevalence, mortality, and DALY burden, including risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden and projected prevalence

Publication Details
Publication Date
2023-06-23
Journal
Publisher
ISSN
Cited by
4599
Access Type
Author Information
Authors
Norberto Perico
Giuseppe Remuzzi
William C. Cho
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Mohammad Tabish
Christopher J L Murray
Aleksandr Y. Aravkin
Mohsen Abbasi‐Kangevari
Hassan Abolhassani
Victor Adekanmbi
Gina Agarwal
Keivan Ahmadi
Rufus Akinyemi
Ziyad Al‐Aly
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Cătălina Liliana Andrei
Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam
Jalal Arabloo
Johan Ärnlöv
Maha Atout
Alaa Badawi
Ashish Badiye
Till Bärnighausen
Sanjay Basu
Isabela M. Benseñor
Kidanemaryam Berhe
Boris Bikbov
Hermann Brenner
Zahid A Butt
Ismael Campos‐Nonato
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
Ester Cerin
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Nicolas Cherbuin
Dinh‐Toi Chu
Sheng‐Chia Chung
Ewerton Cousin
Jessica A Cruz
Albertino Damasceno
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes
Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez
Daniel Díaz
Shirin Djalalinia
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
Islam Y. Elgendy
Farshad Farzadfar
Florian Fischer
Sameer Vali Gopalani
Rafael Alves Guimarães
Rashid Abdi Guled
Tarun Gupta
Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian
Samer Hamidi
Graeme J. Hankey
Soheil Hassanipour
Simon I Hay
Khezar Hayat
Golnaz Heidari
Ramesh Holla
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Bing‐Fang Hwang
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Nayu Ikeda
Irena Ilić
Milena Ilić
Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Hiroyasu Iso
Chidozie C D Iwu
Ihoghosa Iyamu
Jost B. Jonas
Farahnaz Joukar
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Ali Kabir
Rohollah Kalhor
Maseer Khan
Ruth W Kimokoti
Adnan Kısa
Mika Kivimäki
Ai Koyanagi
Kewal Krishan
Barthélémy Kuate Defo
Carlo La Vecchia
Tea Lallukka
Paul H. Lee
Shaun Wen Huey Lee
Lee‐Ling Lim
Stefan Lorkowski
Phetole Walter Mahasha
Azeem Majeed
Déborah Carvalho Malta
Abdullah Al Mamun
Borhan Mansouri
Santi Martini
Tomislav Meštrović
Tomasz Miazgowski
Irmina Maria Michałek
GK Mini
Erkin М Мirrakhimov
Babak Moazen
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Ali H. Mokdad
Lorenzo Monasta
Shane D. Morrison
Ulrich Müeller
Kamarul Imran Musa
Vinay Nangia
Yeshambel T. Nigatu
Jean Jacques Noubiap
Bogdan Oancea
Obinna Onwujekwe
Alberto Ortíz
Mayowa Owolabi
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
Raffaele Palladino
Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas
Anamika Pandey
Maja Pasovic
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito
Maarten J. Postma
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Pradhum Ram
Vahid Rashedi
Salman Rawaf
Lal Rawal
André M. N. Renzaho
Nima Rezaei
Seyed Mohammad Riahi
Daniela Ribeiro
Leonardo Roever
Gholamreza Roshandel
Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera
Siamak Sabour
Basema Saddik
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
Sare Safi
Joshua A. Salomon
Juan Sanabria
Milena M Santric-Milicevic
Brijesh Sathian
Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
Markus P. Schlaich
María Inês Schmidt
Sadaf G Sepanlou
Masood Ali Shaikh
Rahman Shiri
Kerem Shuval
Ambrish Singh
Reed J D Sorensen
Dan J. Stein
Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos
Mohamad‐Hani Temsah
Marcello Tonelli
Stefanos Tyrovolas
Era Upadhyay
Tommi Vasankari
Theo Vos
Yasir Waheed
Melissa Y. Wei
Ronny Westerman
Naohiro Yonemoto
Михаил Сергеевич Застрожин
Zhi-Jiang Zhang
Michael Bräuer
Stephen S Lim
Nilay S. Shah
Cong Wang
Yousef Khader
Rafael Lozano
Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán
Derrick Bennett
Rajiv Chowdhury
Michael H Criqui
Mohsen Naghavi
Hiroshi Yatsuya
Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
Ranjit Mohan Anjana
Xiaochen Dai
Mahaveer Golechha
Ramaiah Itumalla
Himal Kandel
Utsav Parekh
Vivek Podder
Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina
Abrha Hailay
Mohammad Amin Salehi
Alimuddin Zumla
Paramdeep Singh
Mainak Bardhan
Daniela Călina
Shahina Pardhan
Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel
Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
Nancy Diao
Rajaa Al‐Raddadi
Ferrán Catalá-López
Jagdish Khubchandani
Monika Sawhney
Sanjay Zodpey
Leticia Ávila‐Burgos
Suowen Xu
Vivek Gupta
Veer Bala Gupta
Ensiyeh Taheri
Elrashdy M. Redwan
Ahmed Abu‐Zaid
Wei‐Chen Lee
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
J. Jaime Miranda
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
Edward Kwabena Ameyaw
Madhur Verma
Edward J. Boyko
Xuefeng Liu
Ajmal Khan
Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos
Ute Mons
Kuldeep Dhama
Jing Sun
Rabih Halwani
Veera Raghavulu Bitra
Judie Arulappan
А. В. Стародубова
Hassan Abidi
Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani
Sajjad Ahmad
Ali Ahmadi
Hanadi Al Hamad
Sami Almustanyir
Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Sina Azadnajafabad
Saeed Bahadory
Atif Amin Baig
Francesco Barone‐Adesi
Amadou Barrow
Uzma Belgaumi
Sonu Bhaskar
Yin Cao
Omid Dadras
Meghnath Dhimal
Francisco Winter dos Santos Figueiredo
Muhammed Elhadi
Pouya Goleij
Shafiul Haque
Netanja I. Harlianto
Mohammad Heidari
Mohammad‐Salar Hosseini
Rakibul M. Islam
Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
Gaetano Isola
Masao Iwagami
Louis Jacob
Shubha Jayaram
Nitin Joseph
Sewnet Adem Kebede
Moien AB Khan
Amir M Khater
Ming‐Chieh Li
Ahmad Azam Malik
Junmei Miao Jonasson
Yousef Moradi
Shankar Prasad Nagaraju
Rawlance Ndejjo
Robina Khan Niazi
Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya
Jenil Patel
Uttam Paudel
Mosiur Rahman
Chythra R Rao
Jefferson Antonio Buendía
Peter Rohloff
Umar Saeed
Harihar Sahoo
Allen Seylani
Mohammed Shannawaz
K. M. Shivakumar
Ker‐Kan Tan
Nihal Thomas
Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone
Jaya Prasad Tripathy
Lin Yang
Chenwen Zhong
Chaojie Liu
Ebrahim Mostafavi
Márcia Carvalho
Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde‐Rabanal
Archith Boloor
Josip Car
Hailey Hagins
Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Amanda Smith
Sojib Bin Zaman
Yongze Li
Muhammad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha
Salman Hussain
Vida Abedi
Adnan Ansar
Zahra Aryan
Mohammad Athar
Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone
Jaykaran Charan
Sonali G Choudhari
E. Chowdhury
Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora
Michael Ekholuenetale
David Flood
Sathish Kumar Jayapal
Ranil Jayawardena
Patrick DMC Katoto
Min Seo Kim
Giancarlo Lucchetti
Giampiero Mazzaglia
Jakub Morze
Tarang Parekh
KM Saif‐Ur‐Rahman
Xiaoyue Xu
Yves Miel H Zuñiga
Bagher Larijani
Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar
Miquel Martorell
Natália Martins
Susan A. McLaughlin
Mohammadreza Abbasian
Simiao Chen
Zuhair S. Natto
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
Aqeel Ahmad
Danish Ahmad
Ayman Ahmed
Sohrab Amiri
Demelash Areda
Anton A Artamonov
Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
Nayereh Baghcheghi
Kavita Batra
Eeshwar K Chandrasekar
Isaac Sunday Chukwu
Emina Dervišević
Deepa Dongarwar
Thomas Astell‐Burt
Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal
Saravana Babu Chidambaram
Abduzhappar Gaipov
Shama D. Karanth
Johan Sundström
Văn Thành Nguyễn
Juwel Rana
Muhammad Suleman
Alireza Mohseni
Seung Won Lee
Elías Mossialos
Hong Xiao
Ali Ahmed
Farzad Kompani
Linh Phuong Doan
Bishal Gyawali
Ali‐Asghar Kolahi
Alemshet Yirga Berhie
Kaleb Coberly
Balasankar Ganesan
Seyyed‐Hadi Ghamari
Davide Golinelli
Rasool Haddadi
Ibraheem M. Karaye
Oleksii Korzh
Sang-woong Lee
Nefsu Awoke
Sara Momtazmanesh
Hasan Nassereldine
Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi
Francesco Sanmarchi
Parnian Shobeiri
Surjit Singh
Mohammad Sadegh Soltani‐Zangbar
Kanyin Liane Ong
Tariq A. Alalwan
Ashokan Arumugam
Alehegn Bekele Bekele
Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Mohammed Bheser Hassen
Himanshu Khajuria
Sorour Khateri
Iram Malik
Hamid Reza Marateb
Shumaila Nargus
Hassan Okati‐Aliabad
Jay Patel
Ionela-Roxana Petcu
Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha
Ibrahim Qattea
Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari
Bereket Beyene Shashamo
Samar Tharwat
Iman Zare
Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari
Isaac Yeboah Addo
Ajay Nagesh Bhat
Chao Cao
Habitu Birhan Eshetu
Farshid Etaee
Ali Fatehizadeh
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Moawiah Khatatbeh
Hamid Reza Koohestani
Mohammed Kuddus
Ambily Kuttikkattu
Samson Mideksa Legesse
Elezebeth Mathews
Esmaeil Mohammadi
Tapas Sadasivan Nair
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Nazila Rezaei
Saina Salahi
Mahan Shafie
Seyed Mohammad Vahabi
Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo
Zahra Jamalpoor
Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
Eman Abu‐Gharbieh
Tigist Demssew Adane
Sara Bagherieh
Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn
Amir Hossein Behnoush
Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
Najah R Hadi
Hamidreza Hasani
Johannes Haubold
Assefa N Iyasu
Mohammad Jokar
Abel Joseph
Rakesh Kumar
Thao T. Le
Munjae Lee
Chun‐Han Lo
Kashish Malhotra
Andrea Maugeri
Hassam Ali
Konstantinos C. Makris
Xin Deng
Maryam Moradi
Azzam A. Maghazachi
Rajeev Gupta
Saman Sargazi
Sana Ullah
Fariba Ghassemi
Jingjing Zhou
Abdollah Jafarzadeh
Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
Zahra Babaei Aghdam
Dianna J. Magliano
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Pugazhenthan Thangaraju
Ranjani Somayaji
Martina Barchitta
Rami Abd‐Rabu
Deldar Morad Abdulah
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Williams Agyemang‐Duah
Luai A. Ahmed
Syed Anees Ahmed
Marjan Ajami
Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan
Tareq Mohammed Ali AL-Ahdal
Mohammad T AlBataineh
Sharifullah Alemi
Amirali Aali
Samar Abd ElHafeez
Victor Abiola Adepoju
Mesay Arkew
Benedetta Armocida
Raphael Taiwo Aruleba
Oyelola A. Adegboye
Rizwan Ahmad
B B Darshan
Muhammad Badar
Noël C. Barengo
Javier Brazo‐Sayavera
Riki Tesler
Manish Mishra
Rotimi Felix Afolabi
Yashendra Sethi
Haitham Jahrami
Graciliana Lopes
Mohamed Rahmani
Yanqing Wang
Colin R Simpson
Syed Shahzad Hasan
Luı́s Belo
Kartik Gupta
Ibtihal Fadhil
Lemma Getacher
Maha Saber-Ayad
Guesh Mebrahtom
Fang Wang
Zhiyong Zou
Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari
Siddhartha Dutta
Abhay Gaidhane
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Nelson Zamora
Marcela Agudelo‐Botero
Sher Zaman Safi
Luciana Aparecida Campos
Waseem El‐Huneidi
Hossein Farrokhpour
Yaseen Galali
Mohammad Ghasemi Nour
Elham Jamshidi
S. Mahjoub
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
Parham Mardi
Sahar Masoudi
Fateme Montazeri
Negar Morovatdar
Mehran Rahimi
Shayan Rahmani
Vahid Rahmanian
Sina Rashedi
Aly M A Saad
Leila Sabzmakan
Erfan Sadeghi
Sarvenaz Salahi
Melika Shafeghat
Mohd Shanawaz
Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh
Majid Taheri
Siavash Vaziri
Lauryn K Stafford
Bronte Dalton
J Duprey
Paulina A Lindstedt
Melsew Dagne Abate
Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah
Denberu Eshetie
Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada
Tahereh Alinia
Firehiwot Amare
Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa
Golnoosh Ansari
Hidayat Arifin
Mulu Tiruneh
Elaheh Askari
Daniel Asmelash
Ahmed Awaisu
Hassan Babamohamadi
Nasser Bagheri
Sulaiman Bah
Ruhai Bai
Hamid Reza Baradaran
Hamideh Bashiri
Afisu Basiru
Saurav Basu
Abdul‐Monim Batiha
Mulat Tirfie Bayih
Melaku Ashagrie Belete
Faiq Bilal
Bagas Suryo Bintoro
Saeid Bitaraf
Vesna Bjegović-Mikanović
Virgínia Bodolica
Joshua Chadwick
Gashaw Sisay Chanie
Kirti Chauhan
Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
Fatemeh Chichagi
Alyssa Columbus
Daniela Contreras
Sarah Cuschieri
Bashir Dabo
Saswati Das
Ana Maria Dascălu
Nihar Ranjan Dash
Mohsen Dashti
Gebiso Roba Debele
Kourosh Delpasand
Fitsum Wolde Demisse
Getu Debalkie Demissie
Salil V. Deo
Hardik Dineshbhai Desai
Aragaw Tesfaw Desale
Anteneh Mengist Dessie
Fikreab Desta
Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
S. Dey
Nancy Diao
Monica Dinu
Mengistie Diress
Arkadiusz Dziedzic
Hisham Atan Edinur
Omar El Meligy
Mohamed A. Elmonem
Destaw Endeshaw
Hawi Leul Esayas
Ayesha Fahim
Shahab Falahi
MoezAlIslam E. Faris
Ghazal S. Fazli
Xiaoqi Feng
Tomas Y Ferede
Ali Forouhari
Roham Foroumadi
Masoumeh Foroutan Koudehi
Santosh Gaihre
Rupesh K. Gautam
Kahsu Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan
Fataneh Ghadirian
Fariba Ghassemi
Habtamu Alganeh Guadie
Shi‐Yang Guan
Temesgen Worku Gudayu
Ramtin Hajibeygi
Md. Abdul Hannan
Hamid Harandi
S M Mahmudul Hasan
Kamran Hessami
Yuta Hiraike
Sahadat Hossain
Md. Shakhaoat Hossain
Hassan Hosseinzadeh
Junjie Huang
Md. Nazmul Huda
Hong-Han Huynh
Afrin Iqbal
Rajesh Jain
C. Jaja
Balamurugan Janakiraman
Krishnamurthy Jayanna
Rime Jebai
Wonjeong Jeong
Yinzi Jin
Billingsley Kaambwa
Robel Hussen Kabthymer
Vidya Kadashetti
Farima Kahe
Samad Karkhah
Navjot Kaur
Sina Kazemian
Amirmohammad Khalaji
Saval Khanal
Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh
Biruk Getahun Kibret
Somayeh Komaki
Karel Kostev
Nikhil Kothari
Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
Md Abdul Kuddus
Harish Kumar
Satyajit Kundu
Maria Dyah Kurniasari
Anders Larsson
Kamaluddin Latief
Basira Kankia Lawal
Trang Thi Bich Le
Jacopo Lenzi
Mansour Adam Mahmoud
Razzagh Mahmoudi
Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh
Do Tuan Anh
Pantea Majma Sanaye
Roy Rillera Marzo
Reza Masoudi
Teferi Mekonnen
Mahboobeh Meshkat
Le Huu Nhat Minh
Reza Mirfakhraie
Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari
Kebede Haile Misgina
Nouh Saad Mohamed
Mohsen Mohammadi
Marita Mohammadshahi
Hoda Mojiri-Forushani
Md. Moniruzzaman
AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf
Francesk Mulita
Admir Mulita
Efrén Murillo‐Zamora
Julius Chacha Mwita
Firzan Nainu
Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen
Abdallah Y. Naser
Javaid Nauman
Biswa Prakash Nayak
Hadush Negash
Hau Thi Hien Nguyen
Dang Nguyen
Phat Tuan Nguyen
Hien Nguyen
Muhammad A Nizam
Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi
Mamoona Noreen
Nkechi Martina Odogwu
Vivek Anand Ojha
Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
Patrick Godwin Okwute
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Michał Ordak
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Abderrahim Oulhaj
Alicia Padrón‐Monedero
Ashok Pandey
Anca Pantea Stoian
Marcos Pereira
Simone Perna
Ghazaleh Pourali
Naeimeh Pourtaheri
Elton Junio Sady Prates
Pourya Raee
Ibrar Rafique
Mahban Rahimifard
Obaidur Rahman
Md. Mosfequr Rahman
Setyaningrum Rahmawaty
Niloufar Rahnavard
Bibek Rajbhandari
Sheena Ramazanu
Nemanja Rančić
Deepthi Rapaka
Drona Rasali
Ahmed Mustafa Rashid
Zubair Ahmed Ratan
Luis Felipe Reyes
Mohsen Rezaeian
Hossein Rezazadeh
Yohanes Andy Rias
Muhammad Riaz
Mónica Rodrigues
Abazar Roustazadeh
Amene Saghazadeh
Soumya Swaroop Sahoo
Mirza Rizwan Sajid
Mohamed A. Saleh
Mohammad Amin Salehi
Rama Krishna Sanjeev
Made Ary Sarasmita
Art Schuermans
Abdul-Aziz Seidu
Maryam Shabany
Tahereh Shafaghat
Samiah Shahid
Sadaf Sharfaei
Aminu Shittu
Siddharudha Shivalli
Fereshteh Shokri
Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat
Luís R. Silva
Md Shahjahan Siraj
Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
Hamidreza Soleimani
Solikhah Solikhah
Sujata Sujata
Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei
Elahe Taki
Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi
Nathan Y Tat
Birhan Tsegaw Taye
Worku Animaw Temesgen
Rajshree Thapa
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
Amir Tiyuri
Domenico Tricò
Indang Trihandini
Samuel Tromans
Abdul Rohim Tualeka
Derara Girma Tufa
Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan
Rohollah Valizadeh
Kim Robin van Daalen
Priya Vart
Shoban Babu Varthya
Georgios‐Ioannis Verras
Danh Cao Vo
Birhanu Wagaye
Ziyue Wang
Gizachew Tadesse Wassie
Yifan Wu
Ratna Dwi Wulandari
Juan Xia
Dereje Y Yada
Metin Yeşiltepe
Siyan Yi
Hunachew Kibret Yohannis
Yuyi You
Nelson Rodríguez
Kourosh Zarea
Armin Zarrintan
Naod Gebrekrstos Zeru
Magdalena Zielińska
Yossef Teshome Zikarg
Mohammad Zoladl
Stein Emil Vollset
Denberu Eshetie Adane
Yohannes Abate
Alireza Ansari‐Moghaddam
Firehiwot Amare
Elaheh Askari
Awoke Misganaw
Rakesh Kumar
Sathish Kumar Jayapal
Getu Debalkie Demissie
Sourav Dey
Md Shakhaoat Hossain
Rime Jebai
Soleiman Mahjoub
Anh Tuan Mai
Hien Quang Nguyen
Maryam Shabani
Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay
Abrha Hailay Weldemariam
Explore further
Open the scid.ai AI chat with a ready-made request: it will find papers on a similar topic and help build a literature review.
Find similar papers in the chat →
Make a presentation
100%