Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Глобальная, региональная и национальная возрастно-половая смертность и ожидаемая продолжительность жизни, 1950–2017 гг.: систематический анализ для исследования глобального бремени болезней 2017 года
Kazem Rahimi, Norberto Perico, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Ashkan Afshin, Giuseppe Grosso, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Christopher J L Murray, Cristiana Abbafati, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Laith J. Abu‐Raddad, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Gina Agarwal, Anurag Agrawal, Mehdi Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rufus Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Khurshid Alam, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Jordi Alonso, Khalid A Altirkawi, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Johan Ärnlöv, Marcel Ausloos, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Alaa Badawi, Maciej Banach, Lope H. Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T. Baune, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Yannick Béjot, Isabela M. Benseñor, Adam E. Berman, Neeraj Bhala, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Gabrielle B. Britton, Zahid A Butt, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan Jesús Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Ester Cerin, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Hanne Christensen, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Flavia Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Círillo, Ewerton Cousin, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I. Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Rajat Das Gupta, José das Neves, Dragoş Virgil Daviţoiu, Diego De Leo, Louisa Degenhardt, Robert P Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Nikolaos Dervenis, Shirin Djalalinia, Tim Driscoll, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, André Rodrigues Durães, David Edvardsson, Iqbal Elyazar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Mohammad Fareed, Andrea Farioli, André Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Luísa Sório Flor, Nataliya A Foigt, Richard C. Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, João M. 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Nyasulu, Richard Ofori‐Asenso, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Rosana Pacella, Shanti Patel, Ajay Patle, Swayam Prakash, Prabhat Ranjan, Satar Rezaei, Ali Rostami, Ehsan Sadeghi, Roya Safari‐Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Yahya Salimi, Bruno Piassi Sâo José, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Arundhati R Sawant, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Heidar Sharafi, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Meenakshi Sharma, Peilin Shi, Farhad Shokraneh, Si Si, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Narayana Sarma V. Singam, Virendra Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Soheila Sobhani, Ipsita Sutradhar, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, T. Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Binyam Tilahun, Quyen G. To, Muhammad Usman, Afsane Vaezi, Santos Villafaina, Isidora S Vujcic, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Justyna Widecka, Grant M. A. 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Starodubov, Vesna Zadnik, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Sanjeev Nair, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Sanjay Mehendale, Charles Birungi, Dirk Douwes‐Schultz, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Ibrahim A Khalil, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Anselm Okoro, Basant Kumar Panda, Soheil Saadat, Jayendra Sharma, Girma Temam Shifa, Suryakant Tripathi, Stein Emil Vollset, Alexandra Cucu, Leo G Stewart, Jürgen Rehm, Abayomi Samuel Oyekale, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Ayele Geleto Bali, Srikanth Tripathy, K C Prakash, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Walid Ammar, Yanping Wang, Behzad Karami Matin, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Seyed M Karimi, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mohammed Akibu, Saba Abraham Belay, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Alanur Çavlin, Tamer H. Farag, Ezra Belay, Tuhin Biswas, Aarón Cohen, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Siddharth Kumar Das, Aditya Prasad Dash, Tizta T Degfie, Balem Demtsu, Reza Esmaeili, Mahdi Fakhar, Samuel Finegold, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Yihua He, Mohsen Heidari, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Hamidreza Karimi‐Sari, Zhila Kazemi, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Dadi Marami, Moslem Mohammadi, Andrea Parisi, Hadi Parsian, Raphael de Freitas Saldanha, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Belay Tessema, Gaurang Vaidya, Molla Mesele Wassie, Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed, Degefaye Zelalem Anlay, Habtamu Abera Areri, Megha Arora, Mohsen Asadi‐Lari, Engi F. Attia, Meysam Behzadifar, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Eesh Bhatia, Kristin E. Burke, Ana Paula Silva Champs, Wanqing Chen, María Magdalena Constantin, Kate Dolan, Mohammed Elfaramawi, Fariba Feizy, John Ford, Adriana Galan, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Sefonias Getachew, Prakash Chandra Gupta, Oluwaseyi O. Isehunwa, Ankur Joshi, Madhanraj Kalyanasundaram, Molla Kahssay, U Kapil, Hossein Kazemeini, Tripti Khanna, Jun Yup Kim, Sanjay Kinra, Fekede Asefa Kumsa, Samson Leta, Scott A. Lorch, Crispin Mabika, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Wondimu Ayele Manamo, Shakhnazarova Marina, Yodé Miangotar, Nurilign Abebe Moges, Mahmoudreza Moradi, Haseeb Nawaz, Achyut Raj Pandey, Deepak Paudel, Krystle Perez, Sree Bhushan Raju, Horacio Riojas, Denis O Roshchin, Yogesh Sabde, Kathryn Schelonka, Anju Pradhan Sinha, Rakesh Srivastava, Aberash Abay Tassew, Nega Yimer Tawye, Laura Thomas, Katarzyna Widecka, Sintayehu Ambachew Wondemagegn, Rajaram Yadav, Shamsa Zafar, Mulugeta Molla Zeleke
2018-11-01
SCID:  54.1/caxskt6z Discuss with AI
Global Burden of Disease StudySocio-demographic Indexage-specific mortalitylife expectancymodel life tables
Abstract (AI)
BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950. FINDINGS: Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development. INTERPRETATION: This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Key Findings
1
Compared with GBD 2016, GBD 2017 incorporates 622 additional data sources, newly generated GBD population estimates, and revised statistical methods.
2
Estimates of under-five and adult mortality are combined through model life tables to generate complete life tables for every location and year.
3
Fatal discontinuities and HIV/AIDS mortality are modelled separately before incorporation into overall mortality estimates.
4
GBD 2017 provides internally consistent global, regional, national, and selected subnational mortality and life-expectancy estimates for 1950–2017.
5
The analysis integrates 8,259 data sources across 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories.
Research Object

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy estimates for populations (1950–2017)

Research Subject

Age-specific mortality rates, probabilities of death, and life expectancy, including their relationship with development status

Publication Details
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2018-11-01
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Authors
Kazem Rahimi
Norberto Perico
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Ashkan Afshin
Giuseppe Grosso
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Christopher J L Murray
Cristiana Abbafati
Foad Abd-Allah
Ahmed Abdelalim
Ibrahim Abdollahpour
Laith J. Abu‐Raddad
Victor Adekanmbi
Olatunji Adetokunboh
Gina Agarwal
Anurag Agrawal
Mehdi Ahmadi
Hamid Ahmadieh
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Rufus Akinyemi
Tomi Akinyemiju
Fares Alahdab
Ziyad Al‐Aly
Khurshid Alam
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
François Alla
Peter Allebeck
Jordi Alonso
Khalid A Altirkawi
Cătălina Liliana Andrei
Mina Anjomshoa
Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
Johan Ärnlöv
Marcel Ausloos
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
Alaa Badawi
Maciej Banach
Lope H. Barrero
Sanjay Basu
Bernhard T. Baune
Neeraj Bedi
Ettore Beghi
Yannick Béjot
Isabela M. Benseñor
Adam E. Berman
Neeraj Bhala
Zulfiqar A Bhutta
Ali Bijani
Boris Bikbov
Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
Cristina Bosetti
Soufiane Boufous
Nicholas J. K. Breitborde
Hermann Brenner
Gabrielle B. Britton
Zahid A Butt
Ismael Campos‐Nonato
Rosario Cárdenas
Giulia Carreras
Juan Jesús Carrero
Félix Carvalho
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
Franz Castro
Ester Cerin
Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir
Jee-Young Jasmine Choi
Hanne Christensen
Sheng‐Chia Chung
Flavia Cicuttini
Liliana G Ciobanu
Massimo Círillo
Ewerton Cousin
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Paul I. Dargan
Ahmad Daryani
Rajat Das Gupta
José das Neves
Dragoş Virgil Daviţoiu
Diego De Leo
Louisa Degenhardt
Robert P Dellavalle
Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez
Nikolaos Dervenis
Shirin Djalalinia
Tim Driscoll
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
André Rodrigues Durães
David Edvardsson
Iqbal Elyazar
Sharareh Eskandarieh
Alireza Esteghamati
Mohammad Fareed
Andrea Farioli
André Faro
Farshad Farzadfar
Valery L. Feigin
Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Eduarda Fernandes
Irina Filip
Florian Fischer
Luísa Sório Flor
Nataliya A Foigt
Richard C. Franklin
Takeshi Fukumoto
João M. Furtado
Emmanuela Gakidou
Silvano Gallus
Alberto L. García‐Basteiro
Peter W. Gething
Hesam Ghiasvand
Paramjit Gill
Giorgia Giussani
Sameer Vali Gopalani
Alessandra C. Goulart
H. C. Gugnani
Yuming Guo
Nima Hafezi‐Nejad
Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian
Arya Haj‐Mirzaian
Randah R Hamadeh
Samer Hamidi
Graeme J. Hankey
Hamidreza Haririan
Josep María Haro
Hadi Hassankhani
Rasmus Havmoeller
Simon I Hay
Claudiu Herţeliu
Fatemeh Heydarpour
Hans W. Hoek
Praveen Hoogar
Hung Chak Ho
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Mihaela Hostiuc
Sorin Hostiuc
Mohamed Hsaïri
Guoqing Hu
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Usman Iqbal
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
Mihajlo Jakovljević
Spencer L James
Panniyammakal Jeemon
Ravi Prakash Jha
Vivekanand Jha
John S. Ji
Jost B. Jonas
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Mikk Jürisson
Zubair Kabir
Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader
André Karch
Getachew Mullu Kassa
Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
Ali Kazemi Karyani
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Nauman Khalid
Ejaz Ahmad Khan
Mona M Khater
Ruth W Kimokoti
Adnan Kısa
Mika Kivimäki
Luke D. Knibbs
Ann Kristin Knudsen
Sonali Kochhar
Jacek A Kopec
Parvaiz A Koul
Ai Koyanagi
Kewal Krishan
Barthélémy Kuate Defo
G Anil Kumar
Ratilal Lalloo
Faris Lami
Sinéad Langan
Jeffrey V. Lazarus
Paul H. Lee
James Leigh
Miriam Levi
Shanshan Li
Lee‐Ling Lim
Shai Linn
Shiwei Liu
Yang Liu
Alan D Lopez
Stefan Lorkowski
Paulo A. Lotufo
Emilie R Maddison
Azeem Majeed
Reza Malekzadeh
Déborah Carvalho Malta
Abdullah Al Mamun
Mohammad Alì Mansournia
Joemer C Maravilla
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo
Pallab K Maulik
John J. McGrath
Martin McKee
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Kala M. Mehta
Ziad A. Memish
Walter Mendoza
Seid Tiku Mereta
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J Meretoja
Tomislav Meštrović
Bartosz Miazgowski
Tomasz Miazgowski
Ted R. Miller
GK Mini
Andreea Mirică
Erkin М Мirrakhimov
Babak Moazen
Shafiu Mohammed
Ali H. Mokdad
Mariam Molokhia
Lorenzo Monasta
Ghobad Moradi
Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh
Paula Moraga
Lídia Morawska
Joana Morgado-da-Costa
Shane D. Morrison
Abbas Mosapour
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Ulrich Müeller
Satinath Mukhopadhyay
Erin C Mullany
Kamarul Imran Musa
Muthupandian Saravanan
Gabriele Nagel
Mohsen Naghavi
Farid Najafi
Vinay Nangia
Jobert Richie Nansseu
Ionuţ Negoi
Josephine W Ngunjiri
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
Molly R Nixon
Shuhei Nomura
Bo Norrving
Jean Jacques Noubiap
Felix Akpojene Ogbo
In‐Hwan Oh
Andrew T Olagunju
Bolajoko O. Olusanya
Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Sok King Ong
Alberto Ortíz
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Simon Øverland
Mayowa Owolabi
P A Mahesh
Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas
Charles Parry
Scott B. Patten
George Patton
Emmanuel Peprah
David M. Pereira
Konrad Pesudovs
Michael Phillips
Meghdad Pirsaheb
Dietrich Plaß
Suzanne Polinder
Constance Dimity Pond
Maarten J. Postma
Farshad Pourmalek
V. Prakash
Amir Radfar
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Fatemeh Rajati
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
David Laith Rawaf
Salman Rawaf
Robert C. Reiner
André M. N. Renzaho
Serge Resnikoff
Seyed Mohammad Riahi
Leonardo Roever
Luca Ronfani
Gholamreza Roshandel
Dietrich Rothenbacher
Enrico Rubagotti
Perminder S. Sachdev
Basema Saddik
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
Yahya Safari
Sare Safi
Saeid Safiri
Rajesh Sagar
Nasir Salam
Hamideh Salimzadeh
Evanson Zondani Sambala
Abdallah M Samy
Itamar S Santos
João Vasco Santos
Milena M Santric-Milicevic
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
Benn Sartorius
Brijesh Sathian
Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
Sonia Saxena
María Inês Schmidt
Aletta E. Schutte
David C. Schwebel
Falk Schwendicke
Sadaf G Sepanlou
Amira Shaheen
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
Morteza Shamsizadeh
Kiomars Sharafi
Aziz Sheikh
Kenji Shibuya
Mika Shigematsu
Rahman Shiri
Reza Shirkoohi
Soraya Siabani
Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir
Rannveig Sigurvinsdóttir
João Pedro Silva
Moslem Soofi
Joan B. Soriano
Ireneous N Soyiri
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy
Vinay Srinivasan
Dan J. Stein
Caitlyn Steiner
Mark A. Stokes
Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan
Gerhard Sulo
Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos
Takahiro Tabuchi
Ken Takahashi
Nuno Taveira
Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi
Mohamad‐Hani Temsah
Marcello Tonelli
Roman Topór-Mądry
Fotis Topouzis
Anna E Torre
Bach Xuan Tran
Lorainne Tudor Car
Pascual Valdéz
Tommi Vasankari
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Francesco Saverio Violante
Vasily Vlassov
Theo Vos
Yasir Waheed
Yuan‐Pang Wang
Robert G Weintraub
Jordan Weiss
Andrea Werdecker
Ronny Westerman
Harvey Whiteford
Charles Wolfe
Gelin Xu
Yuichiro Yano
Paul Yip
Naohiro Yonemoto
Mustafa Z Younis
Chuanhua Yu
Maigeng Zhou
Stephen S Lim
Leila Jahangiry
Elisabete Weiderpass
Akram Pourshams
Patrick John Sur
Joseph S Salama
Kalkidan Hassen Abate
Abebe Zegeye
Mohsen Afarideh
Sutapa Agrawal
Hamid Badali
Eduardo Bernabé
Anh Kim Dang
Meaza Girma Degefa
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Sadaf Esteghamati
Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha
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Richard F Gillum
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Hamid Yimam Hassen
Masako Horino
Farhad Islami
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Yousef Khader
Fakher Rahim
Young‐Ho Khang
Yoshihiro Kokubo
Rafael Lozano
Winfried März
Viswanathan Mohan
Hossein Poustchi
Mostafa Qorbani
Rajesh Kumar
Christian Razo-García
Juan Sanabria
Amanda G. Thrift
Stefanos Tyrovolas
Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja
Irfan Ullah
Olalekan A. Uthman
Tissa Wijeratne
Victor Aboyans
Dorairaj Prabhakaran
Raghib Ali
Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán
Sı́món Barquera
Derrick Bennett
Jung‐Chen Chang
Michael H Criqui
Anand Dayama
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
Eric L. Ding
Atsushi Goto
Abdullatif Husseini
Sun Ha Jee
André Pascal Kengne
Daniel Kim
Soewarta Kosen
Li Y
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Giancarlo Logroscino
George A. Mensah
Aliya Naheed
Muhammad Imran Nisar
Ivy Shiue
Jasvinder A. Singh
Vegard Skirbekk
Bryan L. Sykes
Seok‐Jun Yoon
Rupert Bourne
Sofia Androudi
Elizabeth A. Cromwell
John J. Huang
Burcu Küçük Biçer
Van Charles Lansingh
Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Nickolas Reinig
Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Mehdi Yaseri
Shouling Wu
Miguel A. Barboza
María Dolores Sánchez-Niño
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
Leslie T. Cooper
Niranjan Kissoon
Khanh Bao Tran
Qing Lan
Olatunde Aremu
Kalpana Balakrishnan
Geevar Zachariah
Elke Schäeffner
Christine A. Allen
Austin Carter
Daniel Dicker
Nancy Fullman
Nicholas J Kassebaum
Yohannes Kinfu
Grant Nguyen
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David M. Pigott
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Ali Kiadaliri
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Rajaa Al‐Raddadi
Ubai Alsharif
Azmeraw T. Amare
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
Al Artaman
Hamid Asayesh
Reza Assadi
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Euripide Avokpaho
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Peter Azzopardi
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Arindam Basu
Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi
Michelle L. Bell
Adugnaw Berhane
Samir Bhatt
Donal Bisanzio
Alexandra Bražinová
Julio César Campuzano
Jacqueline Castillo Rivas
Ferrán Catalá-López
Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang
Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa
Cyrus Cooper
Monica Cortinovis
John A. Crump
Kebede Deribe
Don C. Des Jarlais
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Hedyeh Ebrahimi
Aman Yesuf Endries
Sergey Petrovich Ermakov
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Talha Farid
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Thomas Fürst
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Michael Kravchenko
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Raimundas Lunevičius
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Marek Majdán
Wagner Marcenes
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Peter Memiah
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Pedro R. Olivares
Erika Ota
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Max Petzold
Julian David Pillay
Farhad Pishgar
Svetlana Popova
Anwar Rafay
Mahfuzar Rahman
Sajjad Ur Rahman
Saša Rajšić
Usha Ram
Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro
María Jesús Ríos-Blancas
Maheswar Satpathy
Miloje Savic
Monika Sawhney
Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider
Ben Schöttker
James G. Scott
Edson Serván‐Mori
Katya Anne Shackelford
Masood Ali Shaikh
Rajesh Sharma
Kevin N. Sheth
Mark G. Shrime
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira
Karen Sliwa
Luciano A. Sposato
Vasiliki Stathopoulou
Nicholas Steel
Bruno Sunguya
Cassandra Szoeke
Nikhil Tandon
Mohammad Tavakkoli
Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi
Ruoyan Tobe-Gai
E. Murat Tuzcu
Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov
Gregory R. Wagner
Charles Shey Wiysonge
Lijing L. Yan
Pengpeng Ye
Zoubida Zaidi
Hajo Zeeb
Sanjay Zodpey
Liesl Zühlke
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Abdullah T Khoja
Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek
Mohsen Mazidi
Kidanu Gebremariam Meles
Haftay Berhane Mezgebe
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Muthiah Vaduganathan
Mehdi Sayyah
Sarah Charlotte Johnson
Matthew Cunningham
Mahmoud Yousefifard
Behzad Heibati
Barbora de Courten
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Kebede Embaye Gezae
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Tesfaye Kassa
Yirga Legesse Nirayo
Tesfa Mekonen
Hagazi Gebre Meles
Getnet Mengistu
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Hosein Safari
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Misgan Legesse Liben
LG Mantovani
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Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
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Raad Shakir
Traolach Brugha
Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh
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Margaret Kosek
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Ayman Al‐Eyadhy
Hedayat Abbastabar
Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji
Masoud Behzadifar
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Fernando de la Hoz
Meghnath Dhimal
Ricardo Santiago Gomez
Gulfaraz Khan
Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek
Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek
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Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad
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Mario Šekerija
Nihal Thomas
Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone
Christl A. Donnelly
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Yaw Ampem Amoako
Eyal Oren
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Amiran Gamkrelidze
Srinivas Goli
Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart
Ayman Grada
André Luiz Sena Guimarães
Juanita A. Haagsma
Delia Hendrie
Nathaniel J Henry
Michael K. Hole
Maia Kereselidze
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Young‐Eun Kim
Tufa Kolola
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Ralph Maddison
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Awoke Temesgen Misganaw
Noushin Mohammadifard
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Dillon O Sylte
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Santosh Varughese
Daniel J. Weiss
Jamal A Yearwood
Sojib Bin Zaman
Christopher J L Murray
Sheila Cristina Ouriques Martins
PN Sylaja
Mohamed Hegazy
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Badr Hasan Sobaih
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Jeffrey A Towbin
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Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei
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Mustafa Geleto Ansha
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Amrit Banstola
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Tina Beyranvand
Suraj Bhattarai
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Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant
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